The field of psychology addresses the constant question of whether Research Paper

The field of psychology addresses the constant question of whether humans are born hard-wired with specific characteristics and - Research Paper Example However, when it comes to understanding the causes behind severe behavior problems like addiction, anger, aggression, criminal bent of mind, sadism, depression, anti-social behavior etc., then understanding the role of nature and nurture in the development of these patterns becomes an important. Hence, people in the field of psychology and psychiatry continuously make efforts to find out what it is that makes human beings behave in certain way, nature or nurture. That is, they try to know if people are genetically programmed to behave in a certain way or if their behavior is shaped by the environment. However, studies in psychology have given a hope to human beings by showing that even though human beings are programmed through their genes to behave in certain way, the environment has the power to break the genetic programming and modify the behavior pattern of human beings in positive way by strengthening the ‘good’ genes and weakening the ‘bad’ genes. The Role Of Genes Variations In Genes Genes play an important role in the development of behavior and personality pattern of human beings. Different genes are responsible for development of different habits and behavior pattern in people. Every human being has same 20,000 genes present in the body but what makes them different is its ‘variants’ or ‘flavors’ (Frehley, 2010, para.1). ... However, it is important to note that scientists are not 100% sure of this information as it is not a statement but a ‘speculation’ (Frehley, 2010, para.2). Also, it is interesting to know that every human being possesses all the genes but what makes them differ in behavior is the â€Å"less than 1%† variance in the genes (Frehley, 2010, para.5). According to Ebstein et al. (1996), the variations in ‘specific’ geneses result in different social behavior patterns in different individuals (Nicolaou & Shane, n.d., p.2). It makes one wonder if such a small amount of genetic variation is ‘major’ enough to control the will power in human being. That is, can human being acquire skills or behavior pattern that he is not genetically programmed to acquire? Evolutionary psychology, also known as ‘modern Darwinism’, is the field that helps in answering this ‘nature or nurture’ question (Nicholson, 1998, p.135). Desire For Se curity It is a natural understanding that if the circumstances and the conditions of living change, then the behavior of human beings should also change. However, according to the evolutionary psychology, human beings living in today’s modern world, still display the same ‘survival’ traits that their ancestors living in the Stone Age had displayed to survive the threats in the environment (Nicholson, 1998, p.135). This shows that even if the environment and the surrounding situations change, human beings still carry the ‘innate’ fear from surrounding and are ‘hard wired’ to behave in certain way when they sense threat. For example, people from Stone Age were genetically programmed to gather and store enough food and have

Social Psychology Essay Example for Free

Social Psychology Essay War represents a complex phenomenon with can be conceptualized through multiple perspectives, including an historical, a sociological and a psychological point of view. This type of organized aggression is inherent to human nature, and can be observed since the dawn of humankind, characterizing both civilized and primitive societies. Wars and armed conflicts in general, radically disrupt the normal course of life and human behavior and may exert detrimental effects on physical and mental health and social and financial well-being (Piachaud, 2007). War deprives individuals and communities of major human and material resources and eventually leads to the breakdown of societal structires, giving rise to states of chaos and anarchy (Pedersen, 2002). Given that aggression constitutes a primal human instinct, wartime is a period where aggressive actions frequently reach extreme levels and are usually rationalized by some kind of ideological manifesto. During war, otherwise ordinary and sensible people may be engaged in various atrocities and display unnecessary or extreme cruelty in the name of several racial, religious, political social or other values and beliefs. In the last few decades, the breakdown of communism in Eastern European countries has led to a significant shift in the spheres of global domination and to major modifications in international relationships. As a result of these radical geopolitical changes, the world community has witnessed many bloodstained regional armed conflicts, including the wars in former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Sudan and Uganda. It is estimated that almost 30% of the world population is currently engaged in or experiencing the impact of some form of war. In recent years, the majority of political ideologies has gradually lost significant ground and has been substituted by national, racial and religious ideologies (Jost, 2006). These emerging ideological contructs have proven a useful tool in governments’ premeditated agendas to fanaticize people, rationalize war and violence and manipulate public opinion. However, despite these historical transitions, major financial interests and the struggle for power and profit remain the deeper causes of most armed conflicts worldwide. The civil war in former Yugoslavia in the 1990s was a regional conflict which rattled the Old Continent and lead to a series of major geopolitical changes. In the battlefields of former Yugoslavia, former neighbors and friends were turned intro enemies, a process which progressively set in motion the vicious circle of violence. That war was founded on people’s religious and national differences and was characterized by unprecedented atrocities. The Srebrenica massacre represents a hallmark of civil war wildness and according to the Institute for War and Peace, it probably constitutes the larger scale genocide in European ground since the World War II. In this event, a significant percent of the Srebrenica male population were brutally killed by Serbo-bosnian troops and the rest inhabitants, including women, children and elderly civilians, were forced to leave their homes. In a similar vein, during the first decade of the current century the international community has been witnessing the consequences of the civil conflict in Darfur between Sudanese of Arabic and of African origin. This war has been characterized by unspeakable ferociousness and multiple episodes of mass murdering and genocide have been officially reported. It is roughly estimated that the Darfur conflict has so far lead to the death of almost 400,000 people and the violent displacement of even more and despite the truce recently signed by both sides, hostilities have never actually ceased in the region. The armed conflicts in former Yugoslavia and Darfur, among people living in close contact, in some instances among friends and relatives, has shed valuable light to the mechanisms through which war dehumanizes and lets loose the most destructive instincts and tendencies residing in human beings. Modern research in the field of social psychology has systematically attempted to describe and eluminate normal and abnormal human behavior at times of war and societal turmoil. Most sociologists agree that war is triggered by the desire to dominate over other people. This desire is rooted in the perception of oncoming threats against autonomy and existence. People attack and wish to eliminate other people, when they perceive them as threats to their psychological, financial and physical existence and prosperity. In this respect, even attackers and torturers may feel that they justifiably defend themselves, their families and their most fundamental beliefs through their unspeakable actions (Summerfield, 1997) Social psychology suggests that war is a massive phenomenon of organized and rationalized aggression, which may provide alibi for people to commit the most atrocious crimes in the name of just cause. During war, violence becomes blind, victims are deprived of their human characteristics and qualities and these processes enhance the act of destruction and murder. It is much easier to torture and murder people when the victims are viewed as inferior, worthless or evil and dangerous. Leaders who wish to manipulate the public opinion into advocating for war are systematically engaged in demonizing propagandas. In addition, during war, murderers and torturers have the opportunity to hide their criminal behavior in the anonymity of the mob, under the confusion and total disruption of everyday living provoked by the war state. Commonly in wartime, social systems, including lego-judiciary procedures, are disrupted and chaos prevails (Summerfield, 1997). Under these circumstances, individuals who commit crimes in wartime are rarely held accountable, especially when they are in the winning party and their aggression is addressed towards the enemies. Research has consistently shown that the social context plays a significant role in the generation of massive violence and social influences may shape individual behaviors. War crimes and mass murders are not necessary the illogical actions of psychopathic personalities. These animosities are usually being committed by ordinary people who find themselves under extreme conditions. Any person is capable of exhibiting extreme and violent behaviors when facing threats to his/her survival and autonomy. In addition, individuals are vulnerable to the influence of the mob and can be easily carried away in actions and behaviors which violate any known moral and societal rule (Raafat et al, 2009). These vulnerabilities commonly serve as vehicle for the spreading of several racial and religious prejudices which ultimately lay the foundations of all kinds of racist ideologies. The presence of financial adversity and sociopolitical instability may further contribute to the strengthening of racist beliefs and subsequently a significant portion of society may eagerly support or even actively participate to inhumane actions of destruction including ethnic cleansing and genocide, abolishing any sense of morality and humanity. Experiencing or witnessing war atrocities, either as a victim or as a perpetrator, may have significant psychosocial negative consequences on individuals. Several investigations have shown that war victims may suffer from a variety of psychopathological symptoms, mainly post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Moreover, torture and extreme violence have emerged as significant predictors of psychological disturbance (Steel et al, 2009). Children appear extremely vulnerable to the detrimental effects of war either directly or indirectly exposed to combat related traumatic experiences (Peltonen et al, 2010). These negative sequelae may manifest themselves late and last for many years following the resolution of the conflict. Apart from the psychosocial impact on civilians, research has recently reveal that soldiers and war veterans who have witnessed or participated in tortures, rapes and mass murders, may also suffer from a variety of psychological difficulties including post-traumatic stress disorder, mood disorders, psychotic disorders and substance abuse (Gaylord, 2006). In addition, veterans frequently complain of vague somatic symptoms, poor general health and disturbed quality of life (Levy et al, In a recent study by Killgore et al (2008), veterans who have been exposed to significant human trauma and have killed during combat displayed, after deployment, major risk-taking behaviors including alcohol abuse, verbal and physical violence. War veterans and especially those engaged in extreme violence, may suffer from moral trauma which adversely affects all aspects of human living (Litz et al, 2009). Aggressive behaviors constitute a self-perpetuating phenomenon where being a victim of violent abuse may lead either to attitudes of further self-victimization or to patterns of abusing and aggressive behavior towards others. In wartime, the basic rules that normally govern the harmonious coexistence and cooperation of individuals within the social context are fundamentally challenged and people’s actions are guided by the instinct of self-preservation. In any case, the display of extreme violence by ordinary and otherwise sensible individuals during war may be the result of previous victimization and abuse or may represent a misguided attempt of self-defense against an actual or imaginary danger. The international community has increasingly exhibited a marked sensitivity towards victims of genocide and has repeatedly advocated the exemplary punishment of war criminals, starting from the Nuremberg Trial and reaching the more recent events in Srebrenica and Darfur. However, there is still a great amount of skepticism, given that its motivation may not always be entirely humanitarian, but also political and strategic, given that international forums and organizations occasionally display selective and carefully designed humanitarian concerns which conveniently fit certain governments’ tactical aims. It is common knowledge that the conviction of war criminals has never proven panacea in society’s attempts to control aggression and prevent armed conflicts and war-related crimes. In addition, taking official military actions to impose peace and protect civilians has always been an issue of much debate and major controversy in the context of political and ethical discussions (Deutscher, 2005). The resolution of these controversies possibly lies in the hands of unbiased scientific research in the field of humanitarian disciplines. Sociological and psychological research may provide useful insight in the causes, mediators and consequences of massive violent behaviors, which could guide the implementation of prevention strategies. Instead of designing holy crusades and seeking skape-goats to curse and condemn, governments and policy makers should also focus on the fact that a large part of the society has been exhibiting marked tolerance or even active participation in atrocities and extreme cruelty during war. This observed societal consent in massive destruction and aggression should alarm the public opinion and possibly constitutes a major humanitarian concern and a potential target for intervention. Although the concept of individual responsibility can not be entirely discarded as non-existent in periods of war and anarchy, there is a growing awareness that in grievous times different dynamics govern human behavior and these processes should be taken into consideration when implementing preventive measures. Individuals function in an entirely different way when they are part of a larger group and especially when this group operates according to the mentality of a mob. To eliminate evil, society should conceptualize violence as an inherent characteristic of living creatures in the struggle for physical and psychological survival and try to understand its origin and mediating factors, without blinders, prejudices or anathemas. Only when the mechanisms underlying organized violence and war cruelty are fully described, analyzed and comprehended, one can begin to hope that nations and people will eventually obtain immunity to the manipulations performed by tyrants and demagogues, and as a consequence the heavy toll of war on humanity may finally start to weaken. References Deutscher, M. (2005). The responsibility to protect. Med Confl Surviv, 21(1); 28-34. Gaylord, K. M. (2006). The psychosocial effects of combat: the frequently unseen injury. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am, 18(3); 349-57. Jost, J. T. (2006). The end of the end of ideology. Am Psychol, 61(7); 651-70. Levy, B. S. Sidel, V. W. (2009). Health effects of combat: a life-course perspective. Annu Rev Public Health, 30; 123-36. Litz, B. T. , Stein, N. , Delaney, E. , Lebowitz, L. , Nash, W. P. , Silva, C. Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: a preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clin Psychol Rev, 29(8); 695-706. Pedersen, D. Political violence, ethnic conflict, and contemporary wars: broad implications for health and social well-being. Soc Sci Med, 55(2); 175-90. Peltonen, K. Punamaki, R. L. (2010). Preventive interventions among children exposed to trauma of armed conflict: a literature review. Aggress Behav, ;36(2); 95-116. Piachaud, J. (2007). Mass violence and mental healthtraining implications. Int Rev Psychiatry, 19(3); 303-11. Raafat, R. M. , Chater, N. Frith, C. (2009). Herding in humans. Trends Cogn Sci, 13(10); 420-8. Steel, Z. , Chey, T. , Silove, D. , Marnane, C. , Bryant, R. A. van Ommeren, M. 2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a

Free Glass Menagerie Essays: Relationship Between Jim and Laura :: Glass Menagerie essays

Glass Menagerie: Relationship Between Jim and Laura In high school, Jim was basically your all around nice guy. He was friendly to everyone, and an example of this is that he called Laura "Blue Roses". He was being friendly when he nicknamed her that, but otherwise they didn't really talk to each other. That was basically under the only circumstances that they actually talked. The only reason that Jim asked Laura what was the matter in the first place, was because she was out of school for a long time and he was just a little concerned like anyone that is your all around nice and friendly type of person would do. Jim was confident about himself all throughout high school. Laura was not. Evidence to prove Jim's confidentiality in himself is when Tom is telling us about Jim, "He seemed to move in the continual spotlight...He was always running or bounding, never just walking."(pg.61) Evidence from the text to prove Laura wasn't very confident in herself, is when she says, "Yes, it was so hard for me, getting upstairs. I had that brace on my leg - it clumped so loud!...I had to go clumping all the way up the aisle with everyone watching!"(pg.94) Jim was always in the company of others. Evidence of this is, "He seemed to move in a continual spotlight. He was a star in basketball, captain of the debating club, president of the senior class and the glee club and he sang the male lead in the annual light operas."(pg.61) Laura was the exact opposite of him. She was a bit of a wallflower. She did not like being around other people because she thought that they were mocking her, so this is why she tried to just blend in with the crowd. Jim had fond memories of his time in high school. As Tom would say, "He was a star in basketball, captain of the debating club, president of the senior class and the glee club and he sang the male lead in the annual light operas."(pg.61) This is the memories that Jim has from high school. Laura, on the other hand, has only one fond memory of high school, and that memory is Jim. She remembers Jim as this perfect guy that everyone liked. And she liked him too, just because he took the time to give her a pet name and inquire about her health.

Barriers To Communication Essay

A † communication barrier† or â€Å"a barrier to communication† is anything that interferes with the transfer of intended information from a sender to a receiver. This can include anything from static on a radio, preventing the listener from hearing the program, to a third party interfering in a conversation between two people.Barriers to communication can retard or distort the message and intention of the message being conveyed which may result in failure of the communication process or an effect that is undesirable. These include filtering, selective perception, information overload, emotions, language, silence, communication apprehension, gender differences and political correctness This also includes a lack of expressing â€Å"knowledge-appropriate† communication, which occurs when a person uses ambiguous or complex legal words, medical jargon, or descriptions of a situation or environment that is not understood by the recipient. Psychological Barriers The psychological state of the receiver will influence how the message is received. For example, if someone has personal worries and is stressed, they may be preoccupied by personal concerns and not as receptive to the message as if they were not stressed. Anger is another example of a psychological barrier to communication, when we are angry it is easy to say things that we may later regret and also to misinterpret what others are saying. Psychological barriers to communication include. Emotional Perceptual Selectivity Emotions Emotional barriers is the feelings that prevent you to communicate effectively. liking and disliking are included in Emotional Barrier. Both the encoder and decoder affected in emotional barrier.To communicate effectively, you must clearly convey thoughts and emotions both verbally and nonverbally. Many times, emotional barriers on your part or the part of the person you are speaking with may inhibit your ability to communicate on an effective level. Your emotional state may influence your capacity to make yourself understood and hamper your understanding of others. For example you might be emotionally blocked if you are announcing a new policy, giving the first major presentation on job or in a class, writing someone you dislike. People may feel indifferent toward you or your subject or show anger against you and your subject. Perceptual Perception is a subjective process. When senses deliver their information to the reception centers of the cortex, they are associated with past perceptions, memories, feelings, thoughts, values, needs, drives, attitudes and other things going on in the brain that are totally unique. The result is a highly individualized way of looking at things. Perception is understanding of the world around us. Each one perceives the world in his own unique way and interprets what has been perceived in yet another unique way and interprets what has been perceived in yet another unique way. When we strongly disagree, we simply say â€Å"I am sorry, our perceptions appear to be different†. For example imagine every one in a company receiving a copy of the annual report. An accountant may concentrate only on one footnote in the financial statement, a sales person may look at marketing charts, and a public relations officer may respond only to the quality of the brochure itself each reader received the same data each reader perceived the differently. Another example of perception is your boss ask you to turn in a report right away you work late that night because you assume he means as soon as possible in fact he meant before the end of the week in this case you filled in information. Selectivity The audience is not able to absorb all the information coming from a variety of sources; so the audience pick up information on selectively. The selectivity is affected by timing, context, and the degree of uniqueness of information.

Payment system

Types of payment system: They could use Commission: Workers are paid a percentage of the products' sales value this would be suitable as it would motivate staff to sell more as they rely on commission to earn money. They could use a bonus scheme: Workers must achieve pre-agreed sales targets to earn the bonus. This would encourage staff to sell more which would increase the company's turnover and profits.They could offer sales staff a salary: This would provide staff with financial security. However, it may not motivate Taft to sell more are the same amount Is pay each month regardless of performance. Performance related system: where pay Is linked to performance, with higher level of performance leading to Increased pay. Time or flat rate system: In which pay Is expected as an hourly, weekly or annual rate. How it motivate staff? People feel strongly about it.Pay helps to satisfy many needs (e. G. Security, esteem needs, resources to pursue self-actualization) Pay is the subject of much important business legislation It helps attract reliable employees with the skills the business deeds for success Pay also helps retain employees – rather than them leave and perhaps Join a competitor For most employees, the remuneration package is the most Important part of a job – and certainly the most visible part of any Job offer.Effectiveness Money can be used to motivate employees across a broad spectrum of Industries. In fact, according to the Personnel Systems website, a survey conducted by the American Compensation Association and the American Productivity Center showed that up to 89 percent of companies using financial incentives for staff were rated costive or very positive by more than 1,500 individuals taking the survey.Because everyone can use more money, this is by far one of the most common and effective ways to motivate staff. Broad Options Another advantage of using money to motivate employees is that a company has broad options in terms of the way to use it. From special bonuses to commission pay to gift certificates and cash rewards, money can be used In a variety of ways to get employees to strive for bigger and better goals.Moreover, companies have the option o change It up, depending on the specific goal In mind, so that cash Isn't always the best In which money can be used to motivate; sometimes, It can be Increased benefits that save the employee money without the company needing to write a Money appeals to all demographics and can motivate the lowest grade employee all the way to the CEO. This is another distinct advantage of using it to motivate staff because it appeals to all types of staff. The less an employee makes, however, the more he may be motivated by a few extra dollars in his check or incentive pay of some sort.

Lenins April theses Essay Example

Lenins April theses Essay Example Lenins April theses Paper Lenins April theses Paper The twentieth century has been overshadowed by a clash of two ideologies, both representing a social, political and economic world order; one of the existing capitalist system, the other of revolutionary socialism. In April 1917 Vladimir Lenin, a revolutionary Marxist activist, writer and thinker, issued a series of directives on return from exile in an effort to subvert the energy of a revolution towards an uncompromising monolithic channel, famously known as the April Theses. This thesis influenced a further revolution in October by a coup detat establishing the Bolshevik party in power. This revolution established the worlds first Communist state, based on the ideas and theories of Karl Marx; challenging the existing capitalist status quo of the west. Becoming, further a catalyst and inspiration for socialist, as well as non-socialist movements across the globe. However, from its outset creating an ambiguous character, on the one hand utopian in nature, but on the other, tainted with the hallmark of authoritarianism and false premise1 From the latter half of the nineteenth century Russia saw large unrest2. Further, newly found social, political and economical moods, of mixed character began prevailing3, threatening the existing autocratic rule of the Tsar. Along with liberalism, anarchism, and conservatism, new ideas of socialism and change began to show colour. Years of unrest eventually lead to the abdication of the Tsar in 1917, followed by a power struggle. Although a provisional government was established, lead by Gregory Lvov4, in reality a dual power had emerged. One of the Soviet5 and one of the Duma6; the former the voice of the workers and peasants, and the latter representing society7, with a make-up of moderate socialists and liberals, operating with at least the passive approval of the Soviet8. Vladimir Lenin had inspired the creation of the Bolshevik party, with his pamphlet what is to be done? . He was ideologically a radical Marxist revolutionary, on return from exile he issued his theses, primarily to the Bolshevik party, taking into account the mood of the country; he called for all power to the soviets. He condemned the provisional government and urged no support for it, for it was bourgeois, deceiving the masses, calling the war9 imperialist. The war had largely been accepted as a means of defence, even within the socialist ranks. The Bolsheviks differed from the Cadets, Mensheviks and SRs, who had been to the left, but with the fall of the tsar, they had taken on the role of heirs11. Lenin argued for a revolutionary defeatism12. Instead he called for state power to be passed to the proletariat and poor sections of the peasants13; breaking from capitalist interests, as well as all annexations14. Describing the present period as a transitional stage, which was due to the shortcomings of the class conscious proletariat. Who allowed power to be at the hands of the bourgeois, foretelling a transition of power to the proletariat. Lenin recognised the established rights structure. The provisional government had pioneered a structure of rights and liberties for the first time in Russias history, but the agrarian question had been postponed15, to which Lenin became an opportunist. Indeed Lenins doctrine of a class struggle and the idea of democracy as nothing more than a smoke screen lead him to banishing the idea of parliamentary republic, which he called would be a retrograde step; the only acceptable form of government would be a union of soviets. In reality the bourgeoisie had tried to master democracy by associating with it and taking charge of it16. Lenin demanded the dismantlement of the state structure and bureaucracy; something he later did, with the creation of his own secret police, the cheka and the red terror campaign. Ironically he had called for this as a utopian alternative, to the existing system he would have the masses envisage. In agrarian policy he called for a shift in emphasis, all landed estates should be confiscated and put at the disposal agrarian soviets under nationalisation, as well as the nationalisation of all banks. Lenin was a proponent of Hilfedings concept, who believed that control of the chief banks in the country would make it possible to regulate the economy17; although he realised its inadequacies, and introduced the NEP once in power. He further introduced the concept of socialism, a central theme in Marxs ideas, calling not for its immediate introduction, but only in order to control production and distribution. He ended his speech with several party tasks, a change in the partys name and an international outlook. Unlike Stalin later, who would advocate socialism in one country, Lenin believed in an international idea of socialism which would overthrow capitalism; and for some time saw passive socialist movements across Europe. Although kalinin was of the opinion nothing was new in Lenins theses, from that of an earlier party manifesto, Lenin did however add firm direction. Until this point many senior Bolsheviks were opposed to radical change, including, Stalin and Kamenev; he had a powerful drive with an obsessive belief in revolution18. Lenin promised Peace, bread, land and workers control,with slogans of all power to the soviets; the prospect from escaping from the deadlock of a powerful state became too irresistible in the social and political dynamic of Russia. All hopes of a democratic system thus became a far reality, as the Petrograd Soviet would begin to gain popular support and authority19. The fact that Russia had failed to make sufficient progress, economically, politically and socially became all too apparent. Further, the provisional governments coalition began to expose differences on key issues such as the economic system, land and the workforce. The years to come saw the fall of the provisional government, with the Bolsheviks taking control followed by almost three years of civil war, with the other factions taking arms up against the Bolsheviks. Lenin showed no regard for his fellow citizens, mercilessly crushing any opposition. Marxist theory of the withering away of capitalism, the idea of the pheasants as conservative class hardly fitted Marxist theory. Lenin had to re-write his revolutionary script to fit backward Russia into a revolution before the West, and give the large majority of the peasants a role20, as well as the soldiers, whom he needed for vital support. Although Carr21 describes him as self conscious, it seems he was obsessed with ideology in pursuit of a utopian society, periodically becoming pragmatic, realising Marxist theories and the economic works of Hildferding as inconsistent .As Valentines memoirs suggest a man with much personal charm, but with narrow intellectual horizon22. He laid down instead a foundation for authoritarianism, which would continue for decades to come. The communist state represented the opposite of political thinking to the west (although adopting socialist elements), Marxist-Leninism claimed universal validity, inspiring revolutionary activity universally, and so a challenge to the west; the Berlin wall, eventually becoming a visible polarization. However with the fall of the USSR, and its former members reversal from friend to foe, clearly highlights the triumph of capitalism and western democracy. Bibliography Carr, E. H. The Russian Revolution: From Lenin to Stalin 1917-1929. Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Coates, T (editor). The Russian Revolution 1917. Norwich: stationary office. 2000. Gaida, F. A. Revolution, power, and the Bourgeoisie. Russian Studies in History. 2003, vol.41(no 4),p 9-30. Hosking, G. Russia and the Russians. London: Penguin, 2002.

Discussion Question Example

Discussion Question Example Discussion Question – Coursework Example Discussion Question AHRQ Disparities Report The AHRQ Disparities Report s about the current scenario of healthcare quality and disparity within the sector. The report primarily highlighted the effectiveness of healthcare in various scenarios for numerous diseases including cancer, HIV and Diabetes among others. This discussion put light on the prevalence of proper and effective healthcare services in the domain of Diabetes. As per the report, the diseases ranked 7th in terms of its impact on the death rate of the nation. The report also depicted that since the number of people with the disease is increasing on a continuous basis, the overall healthcare cost of the nation is also increasing at a significant rate. The findings of the report suggest that the four diabetes service intervention is proved to be vital in dealing with the disease, especially amid the people above the age of 40. These intervention processes to deal with the disease include flu shot, dilated eye examination, e xamination of foot and HbA1c tests. Findings suggested that there has been a decline in rate of Diabetes amid the White people while others depicted a rising trend in the recent years (AHRQ, 2013). These aspects can further be aligned with the current scenario of the disease in Florida. The state has showed a rising trend with regard to the prevalence of diabetes over the years. However, with regard to the prevention of the disease, concerned authorities has focused on self-management of the disease rather than emphasizing clinical intervention (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.). This aspect depicts the lack of relevance amid the report and the approach followed in Florida. ReferencesAHRQ. (2013). National healthcare disparities report. Retrieved from ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr13/2013nhdr.pdfCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). About the program. Retrieved from cdc.gov/diabetes/prevention/about.htm Discussion Question Example Discussion Question – Coursework Example Discussion Question Fibromyalgia is a pattern of scatter body pain, which is mainly observed in women. In order to vali the diagnosis, the health care practitioner should initially intend to identify the syndromes of fibromyalgia. The diagnosis of fibromyalgia includes different phases of few clinical evaluations such as physical examination, history of the several health complaints and paying attention to the past health status. Recently, the criteria of diagnosis have been developed, used for validating the diagnosis (Hauser et al., 2010). As per the doctor’s advice, after reviewing EPs health conditions, the intake of hydrocarbon has certainly not been much helpful for her. She is taking these hydrocarbons four times a day, as per her current medication consultation. In this regard, EP has been suggested to opt for a no- drug therapy treatment for fibromyalgia. Apart from medication, EP can adopt the physical excursive therapy, such as swimming, relaxation techniques, acup uncture techniques and aromatherapy techniques. Moreover, the psychotherapy and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy treatments are also recognised as very effective for treating patients and dealing with their pains in an efficient manner (Bennett & Nelson, 2006). The Cognitive Behovorail Therapy (CBT) is expected to be more useful as an efficient treatment for fibromyalgia. It is thus expected that CBT will be able to eliminate EPs dependency over consumption of hydrocarbon. Under the CBT treatment, EP will need to undergo educational session, pool-based exercise class or aquatic jogging, spa therapy and aerobic endurance training (Huser et al., 2009). Reviewing the patient’s medical case history, it can be concluded that the CBT can prove as an efficient therapy for her, competitive to treat the problems of EP, which she is suffering due to fibromyalgia. In this regard, EP is not recommended with any kind of non-traditional therapy, such as taking of drugs and other chemical medi cines (Huser et al., 2009). ReferencesBennett, R. & Nelson, D. (2006). Cognitive behavioural therapy for fibromyalgia. Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology, 2(8), 416-424.Huser, W., Eich, W., Herrmann, M., Nutzinger, D. O., Schiltenwolf, M. & Henningsen, P. (2009). Fibromyalgia syndrome classification, diagnosis, and treatment. Clinical Practice Guideline, 106 (23), 383-391.Hauser, W., Hayo, S., Biewer, W., Gesmann, M., Kuhn-Becker, H., Petzke, F., Wilmoswky, H. V. & Langhorst, J. (2010). Diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome - a Comparison of Association of the medical scientific societies in Germany, survey, and American college of rheumatology criteria. Clinical Journal of Pain, 26(6), 505-511. Discussion Question Example Discussion Question – Coursework Example Discussion question Discussion question Ayn Rand approach of extreme capitalism is self-destructive. Rand believes in the fact that capitalism has been the root cause of elimination of moral values in the present day society (Farrell, 2013). As argued by Farrell (2012), Rand has been instrumental in campaigning for capitalism, which has led to the increasing drift and chaos in the world system. The citizens seem to have their own welfare at heart, which can be attributed to Rand’s extreme capitalism. It would be argued that Rand’s policy of extreme capitalism has resulted to lack of conscience among individuals who are constantly on the move to satisfy their wants. Farrell (2012) says that the vision for the future may be bleak; morality will be completely reduced and short term goals will shape the economy. With these threats in mind, it is evident that Rand’s approach of capitalism will in the long run be completely destructive for the American society in gene ral (Farrell, 2013). The public will also have a huge price to pay as much value will be placed on market reasoning. All persons will mostly focus on the prices and value of items exchanged as opposed to the moral value of the kind of transactions taking place. Instead of this form of capitalism being an inspiration, Farrell (2013) says that it has become a virus that is mutating throughout the country and has rendered so many people blind to the sensible market principles that existed in the times of Adam Smith. ReferencesFarrell, P. (2012). â€Å"10 bubbles that will kill capitalism†. Market Watch May 7 2012. - (2013). â€Å"The ‘cult of capitalism’ and U.S. moral decline†. Market Watch May 29, 2013. Discussion Question Example Discussion Question – Coursework Example Kmart and Sears analysis Kmart and sears corporations were U.S. discount department stores dealing with hard goods. Kmart was strategically located in discount stores in populated and highly visible corner locations which are not very prone to competition. On the other hand, sears was located inside large shopping malls and majored strongly in hard goods like home appliances and tools. It was the second efficient store in sales after Walmart with the second-highest annual sales controlling 40% sales of major home appliances. However, up crop of new stores in the malls and in the stores presented upcoming tastes and preferences which rendered those of Kmart outdated. Competition and lack of viable business strategy has seen the Kmart struggle and go through bankruptcy petitions. It’s emergence from bankruptcy did less to solve its problems as the company did not have a business strategy which will reclaim their market share. Both stores were going through the same ordeal. Comp etition was threatening to oust Kmart out of business as other well-known stores like Korvettee’s, Grant’s, Woolco, Ames among others had become outdated and were already out of market. Sears was also going through the same fate as most of their customers were turning from shopping malls to big-box retailers on stand-alone stores like Lowe’s ad Home Depot to buy their home hard goods. The two were struggling to find a strategy that would improve their competitiveness and increase their sales. Kmart regained its profitability by closing some of their stores while selling some to Sears and Home Depot. This move was able to revitalize sales in the stores. The next move was the acquisition of Kmart by Sears. Despite the fact that both the holding and the acquired company were experiencing problems with their sales, they felt the move would cut their costs by $500 annually. The failure in the sales performance in the two stores can be attributed to lack of business strategy and a viable business model which would invest more in store and brand improvements as opposed to buying the already sluggish stores like sears and Restoration Hardware. The store continues to experience low sales. Work citedFrank, Rothaermel, Strategic Management: Concepts, 1 edition , McGraw-Hill; 2012.Wheelen, T. & Hunger, D., Strategic Management and Business and Business Policy, 13the edition, Pearson Education Inc. 2013.

The Importance of Writer Self-Education

The Importance of Writer Self-Education You know that joke, â€Å"The actress was so dumb she slept with the writer†? Why is that funny? Because the writer is always the lowest person on the totem pole. And there are reasons for that. It would never occur to somebody to practice law without learning the law or to put out a shingle as a plumber without ever having apprenticed, but for some reason many writers think they can just have an idea, write it, and sell it, without learning anything about how publishing works. My areas are fiction, journalism, nonfiction, and playwriting. I’ve published two novels and I edit and develop nonfiction with writers and publishers. Here’s some broad-stroke advice from these areas: = A professional text matters! It matters that a book read well, have proper punctuation, spelling, and grammar. It matters that you follow the Chicago Manual of Style (for books and magazines). Or proper film or TV format. Or AP style for newspapers and journals that require it. = Learn the lingo. For instance, â€Å"a fiction novel† is redundant; a novel is always fiction. = If you are writing nonfiction and presenting yourself as an expert, you should be an expert. That means you’ve published on the topic, you work professionally in your area or you teach the topic, you have academic credentials in the topic, you have undergone training where you were evaluated = If you can’t afford a professional edit for your book, read Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition. Actually READ it. It will not only tell you rules and lingo, but it offers a pretty good course in publishing. = Read all the articles in Writer’s Market. Learn about how to present work, rights, and contracts. = Understand that being a writer is no longer enough. For book writing, writers are expected to have a â€Å"platform† - expertise, ties to the readers of their work, the ability to present and sell. If you resent this, let that go and concentrate on creating or discovering what your platform credits are. = Read Publisher’s Weekly, or subscribe for free to Shelf Awareness-Pro (Shelf-Awareness.com), a daily newsletter about book selling. Even if you don’t plan to self-publish or start your own publishing company, you can join Independent Book Publishers Association (ibpa-online.org) which has a wonderful magazine full of education and news as well as many other benefits and marketing opportunities. = Read Peter Rubie’s book The Elements of Narrative Nonfiction: How to Write and Sell the Novel of True Events, or read the free web chapter on book proposals: http://fineprintlit.com/resources/writing-a-book-proposal/. = If it’s a time in your life when you can afford it, try to get an entry-level job at a publisher or whatever kind of company is appropriate for your interest. You’ll learn the lay of the land from the inside out and make next to no money, but, if you’re like me, it’s a lot more fun than going to school. = If you are a working writer or editor, join the Linkedin group LinkEds writers (https://www.linkedin.com/groups/LinkEds-writers-37917/about). It’s filled with smart professionals who generously share their education. = If you’ve already written your book and know nothing about the publishing industry or editing, I recommend getting help. Ask around, listen to people you trust who work in the industry. And if you need a professional edit or coaching, search ( Educate yourself about the industry you want to work in. It’s fun!

The Coup d'tat of 18 Brumaire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Coup d'tat of 18 Brumaire - Essay Example This is due to his great skill during wars and his help during the French revolution. He also contributed to imperial democracy which was widespread in Europe during the French revolution. Since his childhood, he trained and served as an artillery officer in France. Born of a noble Italian, he became famous too fast that he was soon included in the French army. To his success, he led to the success of an invasion in the Italian peninsula. After his leadership and military tactics, he became staged leading to his name as the First Consul. He staged a coup d'etat in 1799 but it did not work in the overthrow of the then present government (Bader 25). Napoleon also led the French to Napoleonic wars in the 19th century. The wars involved all the major leaders and states in Europe. The war took long but in most of the cases, Napoleon helped his army to conquer new states. In his wars, Napoleon worn most of the wars in Europe through improvising on war strategies while were advanced as comp ared to his enemies. Through his wars and victories, he was able to maintain the French as a sphere of influence. Formation of alliances with allies during the wars helped increase his manpower that served the army. Invasion of Russia in 1812 and the peninsular war marked Napoleon’s turning points fortunes and successes. During the Grande Armee, his reputation was badly damaged such that it was not recovered in future. He was later defeated by the Sixth Coalition in 1813. This consecutive attracts led to his exile to Elba. He then decided to get into war again but lost. This led to his return to power and war and was defeated in 1815 at the battle of Waterloo. He found out that he was not ready for most of the French wars due to his deterioration in war tactics. He decided to continue living in confinement at a British island named Saint Helena. After his failed war attempts he gave up and late died of a stomach cancer. However, this information was only available he royal me mbers. Some of scholars and researchers speculate that he was targeted by his enemies in war and was issued with arsenic poison to help terminate his life and leadership in the French military. Napoleon Bonaparte and the Coup d'etat of 18 Brumaire It was a first French consul that aided to terminate the French revolution. The coup was led by Napoleon Bonaparte since he has exposure to advances military and leadership tactics. He also had a great influence to the French where he was able to convince physically fit men to join the army. This led to the creation of a strong army that did not fear any enemy during wars. Some scholars argue that he had charismatic type of leadership style that helps him to obtain a large population of followers. Since he was bright and gifted in tactical situations, he was able to organize the coup of 18 Brumaire without knowledge of the other leaders on 9th November 1799 (Englund 22). The coup had several impacts such as overthrowing the Directory and r eplaced it with the French Consulate which was widespread at the moment. Karl Max in his studies was able to name the coup as the ‘Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon’ which was derived from the 1851 coup by the nephew of Napoleon. However, Napoleon had come up with other coups to come up with the Brumaire coup. General Jean Victor Marie Moreau was an ally to Napoleon and he helped in the coup (Englund 22). Coup of 18 Brumaire and its contributions to the general course of the French revolution The coup led to the crushing of the Directory. However,

Legal Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Theory - Essay Example These ideas and ideologies have assumed a global and even pan-human application. When applied they claim a universalism. When dissected, however, they show themselves to have a decidedly Western origin and influence. This has been shown to be the case in the global spread of various ideas and power systems like democracy, capitalism, industrialisation, colonialism, internationalism, and even socialism. The global reach of many of these ideologies and social structures inevitably incited reaction and dissent. Capitalism spawned socialism. Industrialisation gave way to workers movements. Colonialism yielded to Third World political rumblings and international ideologies like global Marxism, Pan-Africanism, and Pan-Arabism (to mention a few). To all this must be added twentieth century feminism. Though it may seem an oversimplification, much of twentieth century feminism sought to voice a discourse largely critical of the sexual inequality inherent in capitalism, be it in its national and/or its international forms. From the viewpoint of Marxism, the State is ‘a reflection, if not the instrument, of the power of the dominant economic class’ (Newman 2004, 141). From a gender perspective, the State largely mirrors the interests of males vis-a-vis females on an individualised basis. The modern State of capitalist society lies at the centre of what feminism sees as the tyran nical, patriarchal system of domination over the bodies and lives of women. This same State figures prominently in the structure of globalisation which has served to propagate Western power systems across the globe. Whether one approaches the role and place of women from an international, global perspective or from an individual State perspective, the question for feminists is for the most part a matter of the imposition of power and the limitation and circumscription of female individual autonomy. With respect to prostitution, particularly its criminalisation, the State

Safeguarding Babies and Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Safeguarding Babies and Children - Essay Example Despite the provisions by Children Protection Act, many abuses, many of which lead to death keep occurring since those with the responsibility of protecting the children as stipulated in the act are not aware that such abuses occur of are ignorant. Some child-abuse cases go unnoticed due to poor policies that guide children department. Investigative reports indicate that many children suffer abuse in their families, some child abuse cases are not recorded in social workers dairies (Corby, 2011:73). The confidence to intervene whenever a child is at risk has reduced over the past decades because there is no clear understanding on the statutory role in child protection (Kay, 2003: 42). Generally, child protection is an aspect attracting many stakeholders in the social field as well as professionals in the medicine field. For instance, children with complications attract the interest of medical practitioners who prefer the right treatment to their complexities. This report investigates the existing child protection policies and their failure to provide protection to child abuse. This paper investigates the death of Baby P, the impact of child abuse to the society, and gives recommendations on how to handle issues related to children in the society. Baby P suffered under close care of his mother and social workers (Channel 4 News). In a period of about 17 months, the child had registered about 50 injuries. The baby visited the relevant authorities about sixty times, yet the authorities did not in the slightest change the condition and ultimately Baby P died. This information is quite fascinating since it raises many questions about the existing policies that aim at protecting children. In addition, it also raises questions on the role played by the authority concerned with issues related to children. At his death, it was evident that some negligence or poor policy structures took place. The public has drawn criticism to the social department, which failed to protec t the boy. A social worker who reported the first case of abuse noted that Baby P had bruises and injuries that might have occurred due to abuse by the parents. From the Daily chronicle of Baby P's pain revealed, the first report came on 13 October 2006 when the baby was only seven months old. Information given by the parent argued that the injuries that baby P registered occurred due to accidental fall on stairs. Dr Jerome Ikwueke of GP examined him. The second case in which Baby P registered harm was in 11 December 2006 when specialists from Whittington Hospital found bruises on Baby P forehead, sternum, and right shoulder, and on his nose (Metro). Child abuse investigation team took up the case and Baby P remained hospitalized until December 15, 2006 before his discharge. A family friend Angela Godfrey took care of the Baby. The intention of Angela was to provide protection to the baby following the accusation of the baby’s mother together with the grandmother. The police investigated the case of the baby and arrested the mother of the baby on 19 December 2006. Her conviction at Old Bailey was allowing death or causing death of the baby. In a bid to find adequate information regarding the abuse, the police interviewed the grandmother of the boy at Hornsey Police Station. Baby P made three visits to hospital from 21 December 2006 to January 17, 2007. The intention of these visits was to X ray his leg. During these visits, Agnes White who is a social

Linux vs HP-UNIX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Linux vs HP-UNIX - Essay Example "A single class of process is a feasible approach in Plan 9 because the kernel has an efficient system call interface and cheap process creation and scheduling." (Pike et al) Bell Labs: The kernel support for parallel programming in Plan 9 is a few hundred lines of portable code; a handful of simple primitives enable the problems to be handled cleanly at user level. Although the primitives work fine from C, they are particularly expressive from within Alef. The creation and management of slave I/O processes can be written in a few lines of Alef, providing the foundation for a consistent means of multiplexing data flows between arbitrary processes. (Pike et al) Bell Labs UNIX is a "multi-tasking OS, which means that there may be many programs and many programs and people using the same machine at the same time, by using the concept of a virtual machine". (Seth Noble, 2005) Linux's bottom half handlers were invented so that device drivers and other parts of the Linux kernel could queue work to be done later on. Figure 11.1 shows the kernel data structures associated with bottom half handling. Bottom Half Handling Figure 11.1: Bottom Half Handling Data Structures There can be up to 32 different bottom half handlers; bh_base is a vector of pointers to each of the kernel's bottom half handling routines. bh_active and bh_mask have their bits set according to what handlers have been installed and are active. If bit N of bh_mask is set then the Nth element of bh_base contains the address of a bottom half routine. If bit N of bh_active is set then the N'th bottom half handler routine should be called as soon as the scheduler deems reasonable. These indices are statically defined; the timer bottom half handler is the highest priority (index 0), the console bottom half handler is next in priority (index 1) and so on. Typically the bottom half handling routines have lists of tasks associated with them. For example, the immediate bottom half handler works its way through the immediate tasks queue (tq_immediate) which contains tasks that need to be performed immediately. (Rusling, David 1999) Shell The shell application inside the UNIX Plan9 system are set up for standard input and output connection to the editable text of the window with such features as its own private bitmap and multiplexed access to the keyboard, mouse and other graphical resources. The UNIX shell is commonly defined as the command line which provides the user interface for the actual operating system. By executing input commands, the shell will then execute those exact inputs. There are different shells that are available for Linux and is very much the same as UNIX in its description of how the shell application works. The following shells are available for Linux: Shell Name Developed by Where Remark BASH ( Bourne-Again SHell ) Brian Fox and Chet Ramey Free Software Foundation Most common shell in Linux.

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Employment Law - Essay Example This paper seeks to discuss the employment law. Based on a case, the paper will explore relevant legal principles in employment law with the aim of advising a party over possible claims. Facts of the case Kareen has been employed at Coombes & Partners architect firm for six years, a period in which she has served as a receptionist and has been offering exemplary services. Her mother is currently ill, having suffered from a stroke, and has for this reason moved to stay with her, forcing Kareen to double up as a care giver at home and an employee. As a result, Kareen wrote to her manager to request for a variation in working conditions that include change in reporting time and departure time. Besides request for fewer daily working hours, she also requested her working days to be reduced from five days a week to four. Her request was however rejected by her manager on grounds that her line of duty is normally busy during morning hours and that a late reporting time could not therefore be granted. The manager further noted that the organization’s policy does not allow receptionists to work on part time schedules. A male trainee, Audio, at the firm has also been making verbal suggestive advances towards Kareen. The trainee has also reportedly patted Kareen on her bottom, an act that offended her. Though she reported the issue to her manager, no action was taken. The trainee, then in a separate incident, tried to kiss her by force. In reaction, Kareen hit him forcing him to fall on a desk. Adio reported Kareen’s reaction and the manager summoned her for a hearing. In the hearing, that Kareen describes as intimidating, Adio accused her of hitting him without a reason and denied any sexual advancement towards her. The manager then gave her a dismissal letter to which she did not appeal due to her anger. Issue One of the issues to be determined in the case is existence of an employee’s right to a flexible working condition and the circumstances und er which the employer can violate such a right. Another issue to be determined is existence of sexual harassment and the nature of liability that is induced by acts of sexual violence. Termination of an employment contract is also an issue for determination. Rules and application Kareen, as an employee, is legally entitled to flexible working conditions as provided for by the law and based on the facts that she has worked for the organization for a period of six years. Based on the provisions of the Employment Rights Act1, Kareen has a right to apply, to her employer, for an option to work under conditions that are more flexible. Such conditions may include shorter working hours or rescheduled timetable with respect to reporting times as well as the times at which she may leave work. Chandler explains that such a right would be extended to Kareen if she were a parent or a guardian who is responsible for the care of a child who is younger than six years or a minor who has been identi fied with a disability. Based on a written application, Coombes & Partners is therefore legally obliged to grant such request unless there are serious negative consequences that the enterprise may suffer for granting the flexible condition. Such reasons, however, must be communicated.2 Lewis and Thornbory however categorically specify that all employees are entitled to the right to flexible working condition if reason for application is for care of a relative. According to the authors, an

Linux vs HP-UNIX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Linux vs HP-UNIX - Essay Example "A single class of process is a feasible approach in Plan 9 because the kernel has an efficient system call interface and cheap process creation and scheduling." (Pike et al) Bell Labs: The kernel support for parallel programming in Plan 9 is a few hundred lines of portable code; a handful of simple primitives enable the problems to be handled cleanly at user level. Although the primitives work fine from C, they are particularly expressive from within Alef. The creation and management of slave I/O processes can be written in a few lines of Alef, providing the foundation for a consistent means of multiplexing data flows between arbitrary processes. (Pike et al) Bell Labs UNIX is a "multi-tasking OS, which means that there may be many programs and many programs and people using the same machine at the same time, by using the concept of a virtual machine". (Seth Noble, 2005) Linux's bottom half handlers were invented so that device drivers and other parts of the Linux kernel could queue work to be done later on. Figure 11.1 shows the kernel data structures associated with bottom half handling. Bottom Half Handling Figure 11.1: Bottom Half Handling Data Structures There can be up to 32 different bottom half handlers; bh_base is a vector of pointers to each of the kernel's bottom half handling routines. bh_active and bh_mask have their bits set according to what handlers have been installed and are active. If bit N of bh_mask is set then the Nth element of bh_base contains the address of a bottom half routine. If bit N of bh_active is set then the N'th bottom half handler routine should be called as soon as the scheduler deems reasonable. These indices are statically defined; the timer bottom half handler is the highest priority (index 0), the console bottom half handler is next in priority (index 1) and so on. Typically the bottom half handling routines have lists of tasks associated with them. For example, the immediate bottom half handler works its way through the immediate tasks queue (tq_immediate) which contains tasks that need to be performed immediately. (Rusling, David 1999) Shell The shell application inside the UNIX Plan9 system are set up for standard input and output connection to the editable text of the window with such features as its own private bitmap and multiplexed access to the keyboard, mouse and other graphical resources. The UNIX shell is commonly defined as the command line which provides the user interface for the actual operating system. By executing input commands, the shell will then execute those exact inputs. There are different shells that are available for Linux and is very much the same as UNIX in its description of how the shell application works. The following shells are available for Linux: Shell Name Developed by Where Remark BASH ( Bourne-Again SHell ) Brian Fox and Chet Ramey Free Software Foundation Most common shell in Linux.

Planning and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Planning and the Law - Essay Example From the research it can be comprehended that development of architectural planning and legal control on building construction in England has a long history which dates back to around 1180s. This history has generated accounts of interest for building enthusiasts. The legal control on building construction began in the English capital London which was densely populated. The buildings in the city were densely packed creating so many problems in the city and could only be solved communally. Houses could be built with thin party walls and poorly sited privies as well as gutters which could cause nuisances to the neighbors. In addition, there were complaints from the residents that one house could block light from the other. For this reasons, the authorities decided to set up building regulations that could give guidelines on building construction this was as early as 1189. During this medieval time, the greatest risk was fire outbreaks. In 1212, there was a devastating fire which huge d estruction in the city, the mayor of the city could regularly received complaints about building nuisance by one neighbor against the other. The problem of country and town planning in England worsened during the profound revolution which the country went through during the nineteenth century. The revolution in England brought about enormous growth of the country’s population especially in the urban centers.... The influx of people in the industrial town was partly as a result of the decline in agricultural activities in the countryside especially after 1850. At the begging, the conditions around the newly founded industrial towns were very appealing. For this reason, houses as well as industries drastically sprung up and were built side by side and no efforts were made for purposes of zoning or planning so to speak. People had to live within their places of work and thus they build their houses around the industries. Worse still, nobody seemed to care about the standards of building construction or even sanitation of the area. The haphazard construction of the houses and industries encouraged the spread of various diseases causing devastating outbreaks of typhoid and cholera in the industrial towns. Following the cholera epidemics that lead to loss of many lives, several commissions were formed to inquire on the causes and to give possible recommendation. Several reports were published suc h as the report by the Poor Law Commissioners in 1838and the Royal commission on the Health of Towns in 1842. These publication and other led to the enactment of a couple of legislations by parliament related to building construction in the country. Even though these Acts covered limited scope, as well as effects, they were significant in laying the basis of enduring legislative restrictions on the freedom of those who owned land to construct buildings as the deemed fit. A General Board of Health was established under the Public Health Act of 1848. This board was charged with the responsibility of ensuring that both the existing and new buildings provided

Harry Lavender Essay Essay Example for Free

Harry Lavender Essay Essay All characters have their own distinctive voices but the main voice is Cluadia Valentine and she makes all other characters involved in her search to find the real truth of the crime that has been committed to Mark Bannister. Claudia Valentine is drawn into Harry Lavenders web of corruption and the world of organised crime behind Sydneys established image. Marele Days choice to take the traditional hardboiled private investigator approach and not only challenge the stereotyping of characters but also the common setting, from somewhere such as Los Angeles to Sydney. She also brings about many new ideas in relation to characters and themes. The relationships between characters, themes and setting provide a strong message, which at first appearances are tricky and unusual. It is also apparent that the common issue of the good versus evil is explored through both the two sides of the city and the characters of Claudia Valentine and Harry Lavender. The characters may live and breath the city but the city too is living and breathing, every moment unfolding new beauty and new corruption. Marele Days choice of  Sydney as a plot setting is vital to the novel and provokes a reaction in the reader that is one of discovery, exploration and search for truth. In Harry Lavender text, lavender is a sweet smelling flower, which is unable to hide the stench of the criminal underworld in Sydney. There are three references to ‘lavender’ in the novel which emphasise a recurring theme: when Claudia receives the flowers, the secret message that was left for Claudia, the scent of lavender in bloom in Sydney, the clues in the coroner report that lead her to suspect that Harry Lavender might be behind this crime  committed over the reporter’s story. Claudia’s distinctive voice gives the impression throughout â€Å"The life and Crimes of Harry Lavender† that she does not give up easily, which is ultimately her character. Claudia is very analytical in any situation when meeting characters or being exposed to different environments, â€Å"The city looks like a huge building site†. In the â€Å"Drifter† the entire family does not agree with the idea of leaving just for the sake of leaving. The mother, for example the â€Å"her† of the first line has hopes of establishing some permanence here. She is willing to leave in order  to be supportive of the father, which is an aspect of their relationship that is clear in the poem’s first line, when a major decision for the family is made by him alone, without discussion, and told to her. What makes this two text connected are the distinctive roles, that is the role of reversal a female initiative and persistence in a traditional male dominated field; women can do everything men can do challenges the stereotypes of traditional crime fiction and the story of â€Å"Drifters†. Claudia is a domineering character as a detective unlike traditionally male ones while the mother in â€Å"Drifters† is an independent woman, who takes care of herself and her family. Just like Claudia the mother in a way tends to observe in order to understand people. This can be seen in the use of â€Å"Wildly excited for no reason† in reference to her kids. Marele Day uses a lot of the technique of modern day films especially the â€Å"black and white† scenes on Harry Lavender. He is very detached and aloof, (nobody knows where is and what he looks like). We as the audience get to see and hear what Claudia could not get her hands on to solve the problems, like where Mark Banister’s writings on  Lavander are hidden. In contrast to the Harry Lavender text, the use of â€Å"One day soon hell tell her its time to start packing† shows us the obstacles of life experiences that are influenced by the great depression, families such as the one seen in â€Å"Drifter’s†. Claudia’s life becomes depressed and troubled because she cannot solve problems of crimes as fast as she would like to. Claudia contacts the American publisher, Nancy Grosz, who had rejected Mark’s book and arranges for her to return the only remaining disc containing the manuscript. She also phones Steve and plans a holiday with him to  Queensland where she hopes he will be able to meet her children. Just as Claudia is hoping to get close to the victory in this case, Collier gives her message that Harry Lavender has lapsed into a coma and is expected to die overnight. For Claudia this may be the end of the road but her investigation in life will go on. Similarly, hope and willingness to go on at all cost is seen in â€Å"Drifter’s† when mother’s hopes and wisdom of constant movement will give the opportunity to new chances, new ways of sustain the life of the whole family, we see at the end of the text, in the verse â€Å"Make a wish, Tom, make a wish†, which  symbolises her will to cope and accept the problems that are part of everyday life which is very similar to Claudia’s mindset . Although of different genres, â€Å"Harry Lavender† a crime story and â€Å"Drifters†, a poem, dearly portraying the struggles of the great depression in 1920s set in the American rural area, these two texts are connected by two women and their singularity in the struggle of not giving up. When compared, both texts are opening our minds to how singular and distinctive voices the main characters have, sending the message that life is very precious and is worth fighting for.

Features of spoken English

Features of spoken English Task 2 Spoken discourse It is broadly accepted that spoken English has some features different from written English. Some scholars have generalized these characteristics. For example, Leech (2000) has put forward linguistic characteristics of the grammar of spoken English. Cornbleet and Carter (2001) also analysed certain features of spoken English. With the examples from the provided text1 and text2, some of these characteristics can be found and examined. Leech mentions one of the characteristics of the spoken language grammar: the use of personal pronouns which appears in both the two texts. Within the first text there are the first person I and the third person he frequently used; whereas the frequent pronouns are the first person I and the second person you in text 2. The use of substitutes and ellipsis also embody in the texts. In text1 line4 and line6, he can be viewed as a substitute of Doc Timm. Example of ellipsis can be found in text1 as well: in line 7 and I always remember putting that ether on me, the sender of giving the action of putting ether in the clause is omitted. Same ellipsis occurs in the next line. The sixth characteristic given by Leech, vague meaning can be seen in text2. Like that in line5 and line7 and that bit in line12 are rather vague expressions. Yet the lack of variety in word choice and the use of questions and imperatives are both distinct characteristics of spoken English. For example, in text1 the speaker uses took twice, putting and put respectively once. Text2 seems to be more obviously lacking the word variety: loop three times, twist twice, pull three times, which are frequently used and repeated with few alternatives. As for the imperatives and questions, many examples can be found in text2 as well. The speaker C keeps asking questions like That one?, Twist it? and so on, while speaker R answers with many operatives, for instance, line2, Then make it smaller in line6, Do a loop in line11, And then put your fingers out in line14. The eleventh one indicates that the discourse markers, response forms, and greetings are used in spoken English. As Cornbleet and Carter (2001) say discourse markers mark the beginning of a turn and the end of it (p.65). From text1, we can find that the speaker begins his monologue by a discourse marker So. A response form Yeah, thats it in line6 can be found. Subordinates, modals, adverbs are frequently used in spoken English. This characteristic is echoed by the examples from text. In line1 text1, who is in the clause as a subordinator. A lot of adverbs can be found in text2 as well. And then occurs all together seven times. Others include there in line4, just in line2. Hesitation, pauses, fillers and repeats are also common in spoken English. Pauses seem to be frequent in text2. In line2, there are two pauses. And others appear in line4, line6, line7, and line11. In line6 text2, Then make it smaller by pulling the stringby putting your fingers like that seems contain a hesitation between by pulling the string and by putting your fingers. From Cornbleet and Carters view, spoken English has a common feature that is deixis, which is used to orient the conversation and the listener (2001). The speaker C from the txet2 is trying to make sure his operation is right before move on through like that in line5 and line13 while this phrase would make a different sense outside this context. In text1, there is deixis as well. That ether appears in line7 and line9 specifying the unique item to the speaker. What is more, Cornbleet and Carter say that back-channelling signs in conversation indicate speakers attention. In the text2, Speaker C asks short questions in line5, line7 and line10 to ask for speaker Rs clarification and explanation. In spoken English, incomplete clauses and simple clauses are frequently used. Simple clauses such as I always remember in text1 and so its like crossed in text2 are commonly seen. Meanwhile, an incomplete clause so its can be found in line2 of text2. Task 4 Grammar The analysis is problematic in the eighth sentence which can be divided differently by two means. The difference lies in how to deal with the preposition phrase at the next full moon. It can be divided into the previous clause, or be divided as a separate adverbial. The meanings are subtle: for the former, we might start waiting and looking forward from now; but for the latter, it means that we may just start waiting for something to happen at that certain time, the next full moon. In a traditional EFL grammar, verbs are examined and discussed a lot. Swan (1995 p. 606) claims that different verbs can be followed by different kinds of word and structure. Some structures can be found in those given sentences. For example, some verbs can be followed by other verb structures. Jack seems to have been killed in sentence 5 embodies that structure: the first verb seem does not show the subject Jack does, while the following verb infinitive gives the real information. About the passive voice, sentence 2, 3 and 5 can be used as examples. Moreover, the first sentence is a good example of showing the relation of apposition which is common between two noun phrases in which David Kessler and Jack Goodman is the appositive. And within sentence 7, a relative clause that attacked them is embedded in the first simple sentence of this compound sentence. According to Hopper, there is a tendency of verbal dispersal in discourse grammar. One of the expanded verb expressions in English formulation is like this: one of a small set of common verbs with a noun denoting an action (1997 p. 97). Makes a terrifying visit in sentence 6 can fit this, containing a common verb make with a noun visit illustrating the action. There is also a preference for extended verbal expression (Hopper, 1997). For example, are backpacking around in sentence1 and seems to have been killed in sentence 5, may fall prey to in sentence 7. In those eight sentences few have solitary verbs, except sentence4 containing a single verb sees following the inanimate subject morning seemingly de-personalized. Jackson values the notion pattern which is important to our conception of grammar and especially when we consider the syntactic cooperation of individual words (Jackson, 2003 p. 156). According to Hunston and Francis, a pattern is description of the behavior of a lexical item, or one of the behaviours of that item, as evidenced in a record of large amounts of language use ( Jackson, 2003 p. 156, reprinted from Pattern Grammar: A corpus-Driven Approach to the Lexical Grammar of English (2000) ). There are two aspects which pattern grammar explores: each different syntactic structure of a word is associated with a different meaning; and words with similar syntactic structures tend to have related meanings. With regard to the first aspect, examples can be found in the given sentences. In sentence 2, the first welcoming appears in a preposition phrase followed by Yorkshire inn which is a place name; whereas the second one is followed by locals referring a group of people. Within different syntactic structure, their meanings differ: the first welcoming means not friendly to someone who is visiting or arriving, yet the second one means unattractive and discomfortable to be somewhere. Thus their slight difference can be seen. Similarly, another example, sees in sentence 4 is used after an inanimate subject of time morning and before an object modified by a preposition phrase which indicates a event; see in sentence 8 appears in a verb phrase after wait and before a nominal clause which indicates something in future. Their meaning difference also exits: the first sees means to be the time when something happens while the second see referring to figuring out something by waiting. Task 6 Lexis According to Lewis, a collocation is a predictable combination of words and he judges that some combinations may be very highly predictable from one of the component words (2000 p. 51). Moreover, as he mentions that all collocations are idiomatic and all phrasal verbs and idioms are collocations or contain collocations (2000 p. 51). Some examples from the given text can support his view to a large extent. In line 1, the collocation at the age of twelve is an example. People can easily tell which kind of words should be after of, because it is predictable as the existed rest parts, especially the noun age. Some place names as set combinations are highly predictable. For instance, Gold Gate Park in line 12 and Speckels Lake in line 11 and San Francisco in line 16 are predictable particularly to those local people who are familiar with the places. To most people, it is also easy to predict one of the collocation willow tree and park bench in line 19. Many other collocations are viewed so common that they hardly seem worth remarking upon (Lewis, 2000 p. 51). A lot of common collocations can be found in the given text, like look back in line 6, a pair of eyes in line16, look(ed) up in line 21, early-afternoon sun in line 12. These common collocations are abundant in peoples daily speaking and are regarded as natural combination or gathering. According to Lewiss suggestive way, collocations basically can be divided into several types, many of which can be seen in the text: adjctive+noun, like a frigid overcast day in line 1; noun+noun, for instance, willow tree in line 19; verb+adjective+noun, like remember the precise moment; verb+adverb, like look back in line 6; verb+preposition+noun, like propelled by a crisp breeze in line 13. With regard to metaphor, it is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain in the cognitive view (K?vecses, 2007 p. 4). The two domains are known as the source domain and the target domain. Knowles and Moon give us the definition which examines the language use of resemblance or make a connection between the literary meaning and its figurative meaning (2006 p. 3). As an excerpt from a literature work, this text contains several metaphors. For instance, Because the past claws its way out. in line 6 falls into the category of metaphor. The writer compares his past to an animal, endowing his past experience and memory some characteristics of living creature so that them can claw its way out which they originally cannot. In line 14, red with long blue tails, soaring in the sky is also a metaphor. The writer compares the kites to certain animals perhaps birds so that it has tails and can soar. The next long sentence is full of metaphors. In They danced, he compares the kites to human beings enabling them to dance which is traditionally used for human. Floating side by side like a pair of eyes looking down on San Francisco also contains metaphors. Here looking down indicates that the writer compares the kite to a living creature with eyes so that they would be able to looking down. From a holistic view, it is natural to conclude that the metaphors i n this excerpt tend to associate the kite(s) with the domain of living things. Sinclair illustrates the idiom principle as language user has available to him or her a large number of semi-preconstructed phrases that constitute single choices, even though they might appear to be analysable into segments (1991 p. 111). He also shows that it is complementary to the open-choice model for explaining how meaning arises from language. Many phrases allow internal lexical variation is one of the features of the idiom principle according to Sinclair (1991 p. 111). Examples from the given text can be found. glanced up in line13 and looked up in line21 seem to be close both in form and meaning with little space to choose between them. There is also little to choose between I became what I am today in line1 and the phrase made me what I am today in line23. Another feature of the idiom principle is many uses of words and phrases attract other words in strong collocation (Sinclair, 1991 p. 112); for instance, look back in line6, look down in line16, and look up in line 21 show that look has this feature. And repeated appearance of a pair of:a pair of kites in line14 together with a pair of eyes in line16, demonstrates this phrase also has this feature. What is more, according to Sinclair (1991 p.112) many uses of words and phrases show a tendency to occur in a certain semantic environment. For example, the phrase peek into is often associated with some secret scenes and in this text it does connected with this scene the alley near the frozen creek or the deserted alley where something miserable happens. Task 7 Register and genre It is generally believed that variation based on the use of language and variation based on the user of language are two main types of language variations (Gregory 1967, cited in Ghadessy 1994 p. 288). Register, to be exact, here stands for the variation based on the use of language (Ghadessy, 1994 p. 288). Halliday (1978, cited in Ghadessy 1994 p. 288) terms register with three variables known as field, mode and tenor: Types of linguistic situation differ from one another, broadly speaking, in three respects: first, as regards what actually is taking place; secondly, as regards what part the language is playing; and thirdly, as regards who is taking part. These three variables, taken together, determine the range within which meanings are selected and the forms which are used for their expression. In other words, they determine the register. Painter describes that the field can be seen as the cultural activity or subject matter with which the speaker/writers are concerned (2001 p. 173). The given text concerns introducing and crucially promoting selling a town house which is non-technical. This field to a great extent determines the used vocabulary and some grammatical features of the language. The text producer needs to persuade his potential customers to buy the house therefore a friendly and unbiased manner is popular and demanded. The inanimate subject sentences are used throughout the whole text, together with short phrases like marked by and Cricketers Green, Yeadon. In this way, the text producer seems to be objective in his persuasion; meanwhile language is concise and clear with those short phrases. Certainly, many house related words are used in this text, like vestibule, kitchen, garden and parking place. Tenor refers to the social relations between the interactions in any discourse (Painter, 2001 p.174), which determines the level of formality and the level of technicality of the language to a great extent. In terms of the tenor, the given text involves the advertisement producer/marketing person and his potential customers; they are in a relationship of persuading and to be persuaded. His language is not casual but formal. It can be seen from the imperative mood Phone the agent which seems commanding and cold. This is relatively formal because their social distance is not short: the advertisement producer who has already known most information about the house whereas readers have not. The marketing person needs to inform and persuade others who have not the same common share with him. Meanwhile, there are almost no technical words within the text which can cause barriers in readers understanding as most are common words. Mode is deemed as the medium of communication, in particular whether it is spoken or written, which will have far-reaching effects on the language used (Painter 2001 p. 175). Obviously, the mode of this given print text is written not spoken. The use of inanimate subjects in sentences, like The accommodation incorporates a number of attributes, is a feature of written language. According to Allison, genre which traditionally serves to indicate different kinds of literary and artistic works has been introduced and expanded to identify classes of language use and communication in all areas of life (1999 p. 144). Swales (1990) put forward some important features of examples of genres; some of them are worth mentioning here. For instance, the given text belongs to the category of advertisement in terms of specific name for genre. The purpose of the text can be identified as informing and prompting a sale of the house to potential customers. It is connected with certain discourse community, here referring to the community of people who are looking for a property. Bhatia (1998) advances seven moves within a structure used by writers for product promotion in business settings. Further, he develops a specific move structure in advertisements (2007). A series of the feature structure moves can be found within this text. Although it is short, the schematic structure of this text is clear and straightforward to readers. A striking headline which specifies the name, location and price of the house to be sold in bold tells makes people notice it is relevant with estate sales; a companied photo demonstrating the appearance of the house can be seen as a move of offering product, moreover, the eye-catching photo may also stimulate readers to read more or even consider to buy; the following part seems equivalent to soliciting response which lists the marketing person and the contact details including the agent phone number in strikingly bold which is necessary for getting potential customers response as well as for the advertisement producer to achieve h is final goal to sell the house; the last part, product details as well as the positive evaluation, which contains the detailed introduction of the house is for readers consideration thus can be regarded as essential detailing and indicating values of the offer in introducing the offer phase. References ALLISON, D. 1999. Genre, ELT Journal, vol. 53 no 2, pp 144. Bhatia, V. K. 1998. Analysing Genre: language use in professional setting, London New York: Longman Bhatia, V. K. 2007. Words of Written Discourse, London: Continuum. Cornbleet, S. R. Carter. 2001. The Language of Speech and Writing. London: Routledge. Ghadessy, M. 1994. Key concepts in ELT: Register, ELT Journal, vol. 48 no 3, pp 288-289. HOPPER, P. J. Discourse and the category verb in English. Language and Communication, vol.17 no 2, pp 93-102. Jackson, H. 2002. Grammar and Vocabulary: a resource book for students. London New York: Routledge. Knowles, M. R. Moon. 2006. Introducing Metaphor. London New York: Routledge. K?vecses, Z. 2002. Metaphor: a practical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. LEECH, G. 2000. Grammar of Spoken English: New outcomes of Corpus-Oriented Research. Language Learning, vol.50 no 4, pp 675-724. Lewis, M. ed. 2000. Teaching Collocation: Further Development in the lexical approach, Hove : Thomson Heinle Language Teaching Publications. Painter, C. 2001. Understanding Genre and Register: Implications for Language Teaching in A. Burns and C. Coffin (Eds), Analysing English in a Global Context: a reader (167-179). London: Routledge. Sinclair, J. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Swales, J. 1990. Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Swan, M. 1995. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

The Science of Love Essay -- Science of Sex Appeal

Around the world people love. They live for love, they write for love, the sing, eat, cook, die and kill for love (ForumNetwork, 2009). Since the beginning of recorded time, people have wondered why love is such an intense and universal feeling. There is no culture in this planet that does not have love (ForumNetwork, 2009). This essay will only talk about romantic love were sexuality and attraction are involved. Romantic love, is one of the most powerful energies on earth (ForumNetwork, 2009), it is indeed one on the most addictive substances we can experience at least once in our life. The rush of cocaine and the rush of being in love depend on the same chemicals in our brain (ForumNetwork, 2009); we are literally addicted to love. The feeling of being in love does not depend whether the other part loves you back or not, it will help you feel more happy that is for sure, but the intensity of the feeling loved or heartbroken is the same, they both depart from the same principle: the love and desire of the other. Love remains in the most basic system of our brain, under all cognitive process, under all motor impulses; it is placed in our reward system, the most ancient systems of all (ForumNetwork, 2009). In order to gather all the information we have got in the science of love, many researchers in different fields have cooperated to form an idea of what occurs when love happens. One of the world leading researches in this field is the American anthropologist Helen Fisher, author of many best-seller books such as why we love, or why him, why her. She has worked with many neuroscientists, psychologists, sociologist, and doctors in order to achieve a big experiment where brains of participants that claimed to be in love or hear... .... New Scientist , 36-38. Fisher, H. (2004). Why we love (1era ed.). new york, USA: Henry holt. Meyer, B. (11 de feb de 2009). Science of romance: Brain have a love circuit. Recuperado el 4 de oct de 2011, de www.cleveland.com: http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2009/02/science_of_romance_brains_have.html Miller, T. (29 de dic de 2009). Factoidz.com. Recuperado el 3 de oct de 2011, de The chemistry behind a fool love.: http://factoidz.com/why-love-makes-us-act-so-irrational-the-chemistry-behind-a-fool-in-love/ inforefuge.com. (n.d.). Recuperado el 5 de oct de 2011, de The Science of Smell: http://www.inforefuge.com/science-of-smell-conclusion Rooks, P. (2009). the science of love. skeptic , 15, 73-75. DiscoveryNetworks. (13 de feb de 2009). Science of Sex Appeal. ForumNetwork. (21 de sep de 2009). Helen Fisher. This is your brain on love .

Cisco Feasibility Study

Computer shop business is the one of the most demand business here in the Stop. Ion Patters Tagging City, internet cafe's are really in demand because of the fast changing technology that the people embarrassed Just like here in the Philippines. Some have their own laptops and bring it to the malls so they could relax and at the same time prepare their assignments and paper works.The people today are very ND would want to do their Jobs in the beautiful innovative environment that could satisfy their needs and lessen their stress due to busy schedule OBJECTIVES/GOAL -To earn profit. -To satisfy costumers providing best quality services at effective price. -Providing the services at low cost by providing the best quality at affordable price. -To achieve its return of investment and the business giving satisfaction to the owner. VI'. Technical Feasibility vii-l Location b. Floor Plan Star network Star networks are one of the most common computer network topologies.In its implies form, a star network consists of one central switch, hub or computer, which act as a conduit to transmit messages. This consists of a central node, to which all other nodes are connected; this central node provides a common connection point for all nodes through a hub. In star topology, every node (computer workstation or any other peripheral) is connected to a central node called a hub or switch. The switch is the server and the peripherals are the clients Thus, the hub and leaf nodes, and the transmission lines between them, form a graph with the topology of a star.If the central node is passive, the originating node must be able to tolerate the reception of an echo of its own transmission, delayed by the two-way transmission time (I. E. To and from the central node) plus any delay generated in the central node. An active star network has an active central node that usually has the means to prevent echo-related problems. Advantages Better performance: star topology prevents the passing o f data packets through an excessive number of nodes.At most, 3 devices and 2 links are involved in any communication between any two devices. Although this topology places a huge overhead on the central hub, with adequate capacity, the hub very high utilization by one device without affecting others. Isolation of devices: Each device is inherently isolated by the link that connects it to the hub. This makes the isolation of individual devices straightforward and amounts to disconnecting each device from the others. This isolation also prevents any non- centralized failure from affecting the network.Benefits from centralization: As the central hub is the bottleneck, increasing its opacity, or connecting additional devices to it, increases the size of the network very easily. Centralization also allows the inspection of traffic through the network. This facilitates analysis of the traffic and detection of suspicious behavior. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts. No disruptions t o the network when connecting or removing devices. Installation and configuration is easy since every one device only requires a link and one input/output port to connect it to any other device(s).Disadvantages Failure of the central hub renders the network inoperable Communication between nodes must pass through the central hub. Therefore if the central hub is compromised, so is all communication. The hub is the bottleneck for throughput as it is required to retransmit the sum of all transmitted messages from devices.

Social Policy stigma

Social Policy Theories and Concepts Essay What do you understand by ‘Stigma' and do you agree that social policies can stigmatize people? If so, what is the solution? In this essay I will discuss what my understanding of the word ‘Stigma' is, whether I agree or not if social policies stigmatize certain groups of people and if so, what are the solutions to these stigmas attached to these groups. â€Å"Stigma is a mark of disgrace that sets a person apart. When a person is labelled by their illness they are seen as part of a stereotyped group. Negative attitudes create prejudice which leads to negative actions and discrimination† (www. entalhealth. wa. gov. au). In modern society, stigmas are nearly almost of a negative kind. They have a negative effect on those being stigmatized and can cause experiences and feelings such as; shame, blame, hopelessness, and distress. â€Å"In every branch of the social services, some provisions are stigmatizing and others are not; but the reasons for the pattern of stigmatization are not immediately clear† (Spicker, Stigma and Social Welfare p. 36). Because stigma is socially onstructed, it varies from setting to setting, there are many different types of groups in society which all react differently to the stigmas which are appointed.All of these different reactions must be considered when planning social policies. In every different society not everyone is going to be content with policies that are made, some may stigmatize groups of people and the groups who have been victims of certain stigmas will also have feelings of discontent, hopelessness and distress. Erving Goffman, one of the most important sociologists of the twentieth century, efined stigma as â€Å"the process by which the reaction of others spoils normal identity'. (Nettleton, 2006: 95).Goffman believes that there are three types of social stigmas, including: 1 . Stigma of character traits 2. Physical Stigma 3. Stigma of group identity Goffman considers the stigma of character traits to be â€Å"blemishes of individual character perceived as weak will, domineering, or unnatural passions, treacherous and rigid beliefs, and dishonesty, these being inferred from a known record of, for example, mental disorder, imprisonment, addiction, alcoholism, homosexuality, nemployment, suicidal attempts, and radical political behavior. The physical stigmas he refers to are different bodily formalities. When Goffman refers to the ‘stigma of group identity he is referring to being of a particular race, nationality, religion etc. whether or not a person understands or agrees with stigmas, they are passed on from one generation to the next, thus there will always be certain stigmas associated with certain groups of people. Stigma nowadays, would be considered a central issue in relation to social welfare and social policy. When discussing stigma, it s important to mention the Poor Law. The stigma of the Poor Law is renowned. In the past and in many cases still today, people often Judged others who claimed money trom the state in the torm ot benetl ts and there was a policy that mar ed k these people off from others in society. This left us with the debate whether or not welfare should be provided, to whom it should be provided and what kind of welfare? This concept of the â€Å"undeserving† and â€Å"lazy' public who refused to work was thought to be ethically corruptible by people relying on the state and not seeking to improve their ndependent source of income or by any policy of substantial kindness. The last remnants of the Poor Law were scrapped in 1948. The stigma of pauperism, which had seemed to be the result of a conscious policy, has proved resilient to eradication. † (Spicker, Paul, Stigma and Social Welfare, 1984, p 9) over the past few years, people have begun to move away from the idea of the Poor Law and have begun to accept how social policies deal with groups of people who do not receive adequate independent income, although there will always be slight stigmas attached o these groups. It is hard to understand why this is so, when cautionary policies have been deserted, right to benefits established, and the administration of benefits has significantly changed.As Goffman has explained, stigmas can be carried in two different ways; stigmas can be discredited or discreditable. Discredited stigmas are those that a person cannot stop everyone else from knowing, for example stigmas that may be associated with a certain race or the use of a wheelchair whereas, discreditable is when a person believes that the general public do not know about heir stigma, due to the fact that it cannot be seen and is not distinctively obvious, for example, their sexual orientation or their religion. Kennedy, P (2013) Key Themes in Social Policy). I believe that social policies do and do not stigmatize certain groups of people. I think that the majority of the time the social policies that some may say attach stigmas to groups are Just highlighting the stigmas that already exist. I think that the Irish government have created a durable system so as to prevent negative stigmatization. Unemployment benefit in Ireland is very generous, for this reason eople often attach negative stigmas to those who receive it.Many believe that those who receive unemployment benefit have little motivation to find employment because they are so well funded, this also leads to many of them being stuck in the poverty trap. The government started an initiative to encourage unemployed people to seek work. This initiative is a government-funded agency known as ‘F†¦S'. The government creating this agency and many unemployed people using it to gain training for future employment should reduce the negative stigmas that are attached o those receiving unemployment benefit.Thus I consider that this initiative is a good solution to the stigmatization of unemployed people in I reland. People may often feel stigmatized if the way in which they act is different to what are known as ‘norms'. This is definitely not fair or Just but it will always exist within society. For example, although our society is changing and gay people are becoming more and more accepted in society, there are most definitely those who see them as different and do not accept them. Whether this is right or not does not take away from the fact that it appens.As a result, gay people will feel stigmatized because of their sexual orientation. This can be because of social policy because it is not the way in which we are told to behave and is not seen as a ‘norm'. As regards to these sort of stigmas, they will always exist within society for the first number of years until it becomes a more regular and frequently occurring thing. Thus I believe that there are not any solutions to these torms ot stigmatizations . For the reasons that I nave discussed, I would agree that some soci al policies have caused stigmatism.